Fortinet NSE7_PBC-7.2 Fortinet NSE 7 - Public Cloud Security 7.2 Exam Practice Test

When an administrator decides to use the 'Use managed identity' option for the FortiGate SDN connector with Microsoft Azure and faces a connection failure, the correct action to take is:

C.Make sure to enable the system assigned managed identity on Azure.

• Managed Identity Configuration:The system assigned managed identity is a feature in Azure that provides an identity for the Azure service instance (in this case, the FortiGate SDN connector) within Azure Active Directory and eliminates the need for credentials to be stored in the configuration.
• Troubleshooting Connection Issues:If the SDN connector is failing to connect, it could be because the system assigned managed identity has not been enabled or configured properly in Azure for the FortiGate service.

References:Azure documentation on managed identities explains the need to enable and configure this feature for services to authenticate and interact securely with Azure resources.

Immutable infrastructure is a DevOps approach that emphasizes the creation of disposable resources instead of modifying existing ones1. This approach helps to achieve stability, consistency, and predictability in IT operations by reducing the risk of configuration drift and eliminating stateful components1.

One way to implement immutable infrastructure is to use a blue-green deployment strategy, which runs two live environments for configuration changes2. The blue environment is the current production environment, while the green environment is the new version of the application or service. When the green environment is ready, the traffic is switched from blue to green, and the blue environment is destroyed or kept as a backup2. This way, there is no need to update or patch the existing infrastructure, but rather replace it with a new one.

References:

• 1: Immutable Infrastructure, Architecture, and its benefits
• 2: Introduction to Immutable Infrastructure – BMC Software | Blogs

The correct answer is C. Use FortiWebCloud.

FortiWebCloud is a SaaS cloud-based web application firewall (WAF) that protects public cloud hosted web applications from the OWASP Top 10, zero day threats, and other application layer attacks1.FortiWebCloud also includes robust features such as API discovery and protection, bot mitigation, threat analytics, and advanced reporting2.FortiWebCloud supports multiple regions across the world, and you can choose the region that is closest to your applications to minimize traffic cost3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• FortiADC is an application delivery controller that provides load balancing, acceleration, and security for web applications.It is not a dedicated WAF solution and does not offer the same level of protection as FortiWebCloud4.
• FortiCNP is a cloud-native platform that provides security and visibility for containerized applications.It is not a WAF solution and does not protect web applications from the OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities5.
• FortiGate is a next-generation firewall (NGFW) that provides network security and threat prevention. It is not a WAF solution and doesnot offer the same level of protection as FortiWebCloud for web applications.It also requires additional configuration and management to deploy in the public cloud6.

1:Overview | FortiWeb Cloud 23.3.0 - Fortinet Documentation2:Web Application Firewall (WAF) & API Protection | Fortinet3: [FortiWeb Cloud WAF-as-a-Service | Fortinet]4: [Application Delivery Controller (ADC) | Fortinet]5: [Fortinet Cloud Native Platform | Fortinet]6: [FortiGate Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW) | Fortinet]

A. Use the terraform destroy command. This command is used to remove all the resources that were created using the Terraform configuration1. It is the opposite of the terraform apply command, which is used to create resources. The terraform destroy command will first show a plan of what resources will be destroyed, and then ask for confirmation before proceeding. The command will also update the state file to reflect the changes. D. The administrator must manually delete the Linux server. This is because the Linux server was not deployed using Terraform, but using AWS Marketplace2. Therefore, Terraform does not have any information about the Linux server in its state file, and cannot manage or destroy it. The administrator will have to use the AWS console or CLI to delete the Linux server manually.

The other options are incorrect because:

• There is no terraform validate command. The correct command is terraform plan, which is used to show a plan of what changes will be made by applying the configuration3. However, this command does not delete any resources, it only shows what will happen if terraform apply or terraform destroy is run.
• There is no terraform destroy all command. The correct command is terraform destroy, which will destroy all the resources in the current configuration by default1. There is no need to add an all argument to the command.

The next step the administrator must take to access the Linux EC2 instance from the internet is:

D.Allocate an Elastic IP address and assign it to the instance.

• Elastic IP (EIP) Requirement:By default, when an EC2 instance is launched in AWS, it receives a public IP address from Amazon's pool, which is not static. This IP address can change, for example, if the instance is stopped and started again. To have a static IP address, you need to allocate an Elastic IP (EIP), which is a persistent public IP address, and then associate it with the instance.
• Public Accessibility:Without an Elastic IP, the instance may not be accessible over the internet after a reboot or stop/start sequence. Assigning an Elastic IP ensures the instance can be accessed consistently using the same IP address.

References:The AWS documentation on EC2 instances details the process and need for Elastic IPs to ensure consistent internet access to instances.

The reason the administrator cannot access the EC2 instance could be:

D.The directory location of the .pem file is incorrect.

• SSH Key Location:When initiating an SSH connection to an AWS EC2 instance, you must specify the private key file (.pem file) location that corresponds to the public key used when the instance was launched. The error "Warning: Identity file Staging-key.pem not accessible: No such file or directory" indicates that the SSH client cannot find the .pem file at the specified location.
• Correct File Path:The administrator needs to ensure that the path to theStaging-key.pemfile is correctly specified when running the SSH command. If the file is not in the current directory from which the command is executed, the full or relative path to the file must be provided.

References:This behavior is in line with standard SSH connection practices and AWS guidelines for accessing EC2 instances. It is a common issue that occurs when the private key file is not located in the directory from which the SSH command is being executed or the path provided is incorrect.

 The Azure client secret is a one-time value that is only visible when it is created. If the administrator loses or forgets the client secret, they cannot retrieve it from the Azure portal. However, they can create a new client secret and use it to configure Terraform. To create a new client secret, they need to follow these steps12:

• Sign in to the Azure portal and navigate to the Azure Active Directory service.
• Select the application name under the App Registrations.
• Select Certificates & Secrets > New client secret to create a new client secret.
• Add a description and an expiration date for the client secret and select Add.
• Copy the value of the new client secret immediately as it will not be shown again.

References:

• Generate new Client Secret and link to key-vault | Microsoft Learn
• Azure Quickstart - Set and retrieve a secret from Key Vault using Azure portal | Microsoft Learn

• Simplified and Scalable Connectivity: Transit Gateway Connect allows you to establish GRE tunnels to your SD-WAN appliances natively within the AWS network. This eliminates the complexity of managing individual IPsec VPN connections, especially as your cloud presence grows.
• Potential for Enhanced Performance: GRE offers lower overhead compared to IPsec, which can result in higher throughput for bandwidth-intensive SD-WAN applications.
• Flexibility: While IPsec is supported for scenarios requiring strong encryption, the focus on GRE highlights the performance and scalability benefits that are often prioritized when integrating SD-WAN with AWS.
• Dynamic Routing: The integration with BGP further streamlines network management by automating route updates and distribution.

Addressing the IPsec Consideration:

It's important to acknowledge that SD-WAN Transit Gateway Connect does support IPsec. If your question is specifically framed within the context of Fortinet's FCSS 7.2 materials and they emphasize the hybrid usage of GRE and IPsec, then a modified answer might be appropriate:

A. The peer GRE address is the FortiGate external interface IP address. This is the IP address of the FortiGate interface that is connected to the transit gateway attachment subnet1. This IP address is used to establish the GRE tunnel between the FortiGate and the transit gateway2. B. The Transit Gateway GRE address is auto-generated. This is the IP address of the transit gateway that is used to establish the GRE tunnel with the FortiGate2. This IP address is automatically assigned by AWS from the Transit Gateway CIDR range that you specify when you create the Connect attachment3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• The BGP inside CIDR blocks cannot be any CIDR block with /29. They must be a /29 CIDR block from the 169.254.0.0/16 range for IPv4, or a /125 CIDR block from the fd00::/8 range for IPv64. These are the inside IP addresses that are used for BGP peering over the GRE tunnel4.
• The Peer GRE address is not the FortiGate internal interface IP address. The internal interface IP address is used to route traffic from the FortiGate to the VPC subnet where the third-party appliance (such as SD-WAN) is located1. The Peer GRE address is used to route traffic from the FortiGate to the transit gateway over the GRE tunnel2.

Confirming to delete all the resources in Terraform will have the following impact:

D.It destroys all the resources in the state file.

• Terraform State File Role:Theterraform.tfstatefile contains a real-time mapping of the resources that Terraform manages, including their current configuration and relationships. This file tracks the actual state of resources provisioned by Terraform.
• Impact of Destruction:When Terraform prompts for confirmation to destroy resources, and 'yes' is entered, Terraform reads the state file and systematically removes all the resources that are managed as part of that state. This is not limited to a specific .tfvars file, IAM user, or resource group—it is a global action that affects all resources tracked by the state file associated with the current Terraform workspace and configuration.

References:The function of theterraform.tfstatefile and the impact of resource destruction are detailed in Terraform's official documentation. This behavior is fundamental to how Terraform manages infrastructure as code.

• A is incorrect because the FortiGate public IP is not the next-hop for all the traffic. The FortiGate public IP is only used for incoming traffic from the internet. The Azure load balancer distributes the incoming traffic to the active FortiGate VM based on a health probe123. The FortiGate public IP is not used for outgoing traffic or internal traffic.
• B is correct because an internal load balancer listener is the next-hop for outgoing traffic. The internal load balancer listener is configured with a floating IP address that is assigned to the active FortiGate VM. The internal load balancer listener also has a health probe to monitor the status of the FortiGate VMs123. The internal load balancer listener forwards the outgoing traffic to the internet through the public load balancer.
• C is incorrect because you do not need to add a route to the Microsoft VIP used for the health check. The Microsoft VIP is an internal IP address that is used by the Azure load balancer to send health probes to the FortiGate VMs123. The Microsoft VIP is not reachable from outside the Azure network and does not require any routing configuration on the FortiGate VMs.
• D is correct because a dedicated management interface can be used for load balancing. In this deployment, port4 is used as a dedicated management interface that connects to the management network3. The dedicated management interface can be used to access the FortiGate VMs for configuration and monitoring purposes. The dedicated management interface can also be used to synchronize the configuration and session information between the primary and secondary devices in an HA cluster2.

The two best connection solutions available between your company headquarters, branch sites, and the Azure vWAN hub are A. ExpressRoute and E. VPN Gateway.

According to the Azure documentation for Virtual WAN, ExpressRoute and VPN Gateway are two of the supported connectivity options for connecting your on-premises sites and Azure virtual networks to the Azure vWAN hub1. These options provide secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity for your network traffic.

ExpressRoute is a service that lets you create private connections between your on-premises sites and Azure.ExpressRoute connections do not go over the public internet, and offer more reliability, faster speeds, lower latencies, and higher security than typical connections over the internet2.

VPN Gateway is a service that lets you create encrypted connections between your on-premises sites and Azure over the internet using IPsec/IKE protocols.VPN Gateway also supports point-to-site VPN connections for individual clients using OpenVPN or IKEv2 protocols3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• GRE tunnels are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. GRE is a protocol that encapsulates packets for tunneling purposes.GRE tunnels are established between the connect attachment and your appliance in Azure vWAN4.
• SSL VPN connections are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. SSL VPN is a type of VPN that uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol to secure the connection between a client and a server.SSL VPN is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub5.
• An L2TP connection is not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. L2TP is a protocol that creates a tunnel between two endpoints at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.L2TP is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub.

1:Azure Virtual WAN Overview | Microsoft Learn2: [ExpressRoute overview - Azure ExpressRoute | Microsoft Docs]3: [VPN Gateway - Virtual Networks | Microsoft Azure]4: [Transit Gateway Connect - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]5: [SSL VPN - Wikipedia] : [Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol - Wikipedia]

A. All the output values are available after a successful terraform apply command. This means that after the deployment, you can view the output values by running terraform output or terraform show in the same directory where you ran terraform apply1. You can also use the output values in other Terraform configurations or external systems by using the terraform output command with various options2. B. The subnet_private_1 value is defined in the variables.tf file. This means that the subnet_private_1 value is an input variable that can be customized by passing a different value when running terraform apply or by setting an environment variable3. The variables.tf file is where you declare all the input variables for your Terraform configuration4.

The other options are incorrect because:

• After the deployment, Terraform output values are not visible only through AWS CloudShell. You can access them from any shell or terminal where you have Terraform installed and configured with your AWS credentials.
• You do not need to specify all the AWS credentials in the output.tf file. The output.tf file is where you declare all the output values for your Terraform configuration4. You can specify your AWS credentials in a separate file, such as provider.tf, or use environment variables or shared credentials files. References:
• Output Values - Configuration Language | Terraform - HashiCorp Developer
• Command: output - Terraform by HashiCorp
• Input Variables - Configuration Language | Terraform - HashiCorp Developer
• Configuration Language | Terraform - HashiCorp Developer

For configuring the failover settings on a FortiGate active-passive SDN connector solution in Microsoft Azure, the two mandatory settings required after the initial deployment are:

A.Subscription-id

D.Resource group name

• Subscription ID:This is a unique identifier for your Azure subscription under which all resources are created and billed. FortiGate needs this to interact with the Azure resources associated with that subscription.
• Resource Group Name:A resource group in Azure is a container that holds related resources for an Azure solution. The SDN connector requires the resource group name to correctly identify and manage the resources it should control, especially in a failover scenario.

References:The requirement for these specific details is found in Azure's best practices for resource management and Fortinet's documentation on deploying and configuring FortiGate appliances in Azure environments.

To deploy a FortiGate HA solution in AWS using Terraform, you need to create an AWS IAM user with permissions to access the AWS resources and services required by the FortiGate-VM. You also need to use CloudShell to install Terraform, which is a tool for building, changing, and versioning infrastructure as code.

References:

• Deploying FortiGate-VM using Terraform | AWS Administration Guide
• Setting up IAM roles | AWS Administration Guide
• Launching the instance using roles and user data | AWS Administration Guide
• Terraform by HashiCorp

The correct answer is B and D. A transit gateway with an attachment and a transit VPC support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM.

According to the Fortinet documentation for Public Cloud Security, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway.By using a transit gateway with an attachment, you can route traffic from your spoke VPCs to your security VPC, where the FortiGate VM can inspect the traffic1.

A transit VPC is a VPC that serves as a global network transit center for connecting multiple VPCs, remote networks, and virtual private networks (VPNs).By using a transit VPC, you can deploy the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention for your VPCs2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• A NAT gateway with an EIP is a service that enables instances in a private subnet to connect to the internet or other AWS services, but prevents the internet from initiating a connection with those instances.A NAT gateway with an EIP does not support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM3.
• An Internet gateway with an EIP is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.An Internet gateway with an EIP does not support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM4.

1:Fortinet Documentation Library - Deploying FortiGate VMs on AWS2: [Fortinet Documentation Library - Transit VPC on AWS]3: [NAT Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]4: [Internet Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

B. The default network ACL is configured to allow all traffic. This means that when you create a VPC, AWS automatically creates a default network ACL for that VPC, and associates it with all the subnets in the VPC1. By default, the default network ACL allows all inbound and outbound IPv4 traffic and, if applicable, IPv6 traffic1. You can modify the default network ACL, but you cannot delete it1. C. Network ACLs are stateless, and inbound and outbound rules are used for traffic filtering. This means that network ACLs do not keep track of the traffic that they allow or deny, and they evaluate each packet separately1. Therefore, you need to create both inbound and outbound rules for each type of traffic that you want to allow or deny1. For example, if you want to allow SSH traffic from a specific IP address to your subnet, you need to create an inbound rule to allow TCP port 22 from that IP address, and an outbound rule to allow TCP port 1024-65535 (the ephemeral ports) to that IP address2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• You can use network ACL and security group at the same time. Network ACL and security group are two different types of security layers for your VPC that can work together to control traffic3. Network ACLacts as a firewall for your subnets, while security group acts as a firewall for your instances3. You can use both of them to create a more granular and effective security policy for your VPC.
• Network ACLs are not tied to an instance. Network ACLs are associated with subnets, not instances1. This means that network ACLs apply to all the instances in the subnets that they are associated with1. You cannot associate a network ACL with a specific instance. However, you can associate a security group with a specific instance or multiple instances3.