Nokia BL0-220 Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks Exam Practice Test

The properties related to a private cloud are high CAPEX and full control. CAPEX stands for capital expenditure, which is the money spent on acquiring or upgrading physical assets such as servers, storage, and network equipment. A private cloud requires high CAPEX because the cloud owner has to invest in building and maintaining the cloud infrastructure. Full control means that the cloud owner has the exclusive authority and responsibility over the cloud resources, security, and operations. A private cloud offers full control because the cloud owner can customize the cloud according to their specific needs and preferences, and can ensure the privacy and compliance of their data and applications. References: Nokia Cloud Platform, Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide

Different paths for a NF providing Cloud Resilience are defined in a Network Service Descriptor. A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is a document that describes the topology, configuration, and requirements of a network service. It specifies the network functions (NFs) that compose the service, the virtual links that connect them, and the forwarding graphs that define the traffic flows between them1. A NSD also defines the resilience policies for each NF, such as the number of instances, the scaling triggers, the fault management actions, and the alternative paths in case of failures2. A Network Function template, an NS Orchestrator configuration, and an NFV Orchestrator configuration are not the correct options to complete the sentence. A Network Function template is a document that describes the characteristics and requirements of a single network function, such as the virtualization environment, the resources, the interfaces, and the dependencies1. An NS Orchestrator configuration is a set of parameters that control the behavior and operation of the NS Orchestrator, which is a component that manages the lifecycle of network services3. An NFV Orchestrator configuration is a set of parameters that control the behavior and operation of the NFV Orchestrator, which is a component that coordinates the allocation and release of resources for network services3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Network Function 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.3: Network Service Descriptor Role 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.1: Industry Trends in Data Center Hardware

 Scalability and Openness are the focus of an agile data center. Scalability refers to the ability of a data center to adapt to changing demands and workloads by adding or removing resources dynamically. Openness refers to the use of open standards and interfaces that enable interoperability and integration of different technologies and vendors in a data center. An agile data center can provide flexible, efficient, and cost-effective services to customers and applications, while reducing operational complexity and overhead. Fixed Architecture and Closed Cloud System are not the focus of an agile data center. Fixed Architecture means a rigid and predefined structure of a data center that cannot be easily modified or customized. Closed Cloud System means a proprietary and isolated cloud platform that does not support compatibility or collaboration with other cloud platforms or services. A fixed architecture and a closed cloud system can limit the performance, functionality, and innovation of a data center, and increase the dependency and lock-in of customers and applications. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Agility.

Containers as a Service (CaaS) is the same as the E2E Orchestrator for VMs for containers. CaaS is a cloud service model that allows users to deploy and manage containerized applications on a cloud platform. CaaS provides the necessary infrastructure, orchestration, networking, and security for running containers. The E2E Orchestrator for VMs is a Nokia solution that provides similar capabilities for virtual machines (VMs). The E2E Orchestrator for VMs enables the creation, deployment, and management of VMs on a distributed cloud platform. It also supports network slicing, security, and automation features.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 19
• Nokia Cloud Platform, paragraph 1
• Nokia Bell Labs End-to-End 5G Certification, page 4

Network Service Orchestration is the process of managing the lifecycle of network services across multiple domains and technologies. It automates NFV service bydeploying, configuring, and scaling virtual network functions (VNFs) on demand. It is part of the 5G key enablers because it supports the dynamic and flexible provisioning of network slices and edge cloud applications. It does not increase operational complexity, but rather simplifies and optimizes it by using AI/ML and closed loop automation.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 8
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses | Nokia, Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud

The most appropriate word to complete the sentence is benefits. The public cloud ecosystem offers many benefits to users, such as scalability, flexibility, cost-efficiency, and innovation12. Constraints, problems, and operability are not suitable words to describe the advantages of the public cloud ecosystem over the simple consumption of resources. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 7 2: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Blended Learning, Section 2: Distributed Cloud Networks, slide 9

Monolithic applications are a mono-block functional service because they are composed of a single, self-contained unit that contains all the components of the application, such as the user interface, business logic, data access, etc1. Monolithic applications are not smaller in size than cloud native applications, as they tend to grow larger and more complex over time2. Monolithic applications are not more reliable than microservices, as they are more prone to failures, bugs, and performance issues due to the tight coupling and interdependency of the components3. Monolithic applications do not involve the most complex management strategy, as they are easier to develop, test, and deploy initially, but they become harder to maintain, scale, and update as the application evolves4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.4: Cloud Application Architectures 2: Monolithic Architecture 3: Microservices vs Monolithic Architecture 4: Monolithic vs. Microservices Architecture

The networking concept of “Underlay” refers to the physical network layer that provides the connectivity and transport for the overlay network, which is the virtual network layer that runs on top of the underlay network1. The underlay network is composed of routers, switches, links, and protocols that enable the data transmission between different locations2. The underlay network is independent of the overlay network, meaning that it does not need to be aware of the network configuration, policies, or services of the overlay network3. Therefore, option A best describes the underlay network, while options B, C, and D are incorrect. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Topic: Underlay and Overlay Networks 2: Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide, DC2.2– Cloud Options 3: Underlay Network - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Overview

 On-Boarding of a Network Service requires both NS and NF templates. NS stands for Network Service, which is a logical grouping of network functions and resources that provide a specific functionality or service to the end user. NF stands for Network Function, which is a software component that performs a specific task or function within the network. Templates are files that describe the characteristics, requirements, and dependencies of network services and network functions. On-Boarding is the process of registering and validating network services and network functions in the cloud platform, so that they can be instantiated and managed.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, slide 7
• Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide, DC5.1– New Services Automation, page 19

On-boarding a Network Service typically involves Network Service (NS) and Network Function (NF) templates. NS templates define the overall structure and requirements of a network service, including its composition of various NFs and their interconnections. NF templates specify the configurations for individual network functions that are part of the service. Together, they enable the automated deployment and management of complex network services in a standardized manner.

Latency, Privacy and Capacity are the three key drivers required for video-based service in on-premise cloud. Latency refers to the delay between the source and the destination of a video stream, which affects the quality of experience for the end-users. Privacy refers to the protection of the video content and the user data from unauthorized access or leakage. Capacity refers to the ability of the network and the cloud to handle the high bandwidth and storage demands of video applications. On-premise cloud is a cloud deployment model where the cloud infrastructure is located within the enterprise premises, and is managed by the enterprise or a third-party service provider. On-premise cloud can offer lower latency, higher privacy and greater capacity for video-based service than public cloud, which is located outside the enterprise premises and is shared by multiple tenants. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Deployment Models.

Low latency is the mandatory key driver to consider for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment. Cloud RAN stands for Cloud Radio Access Network, which is a network architecture that centralizes the baseband processing of multiple radio sites in a cloud platform. vRAN stands for virtualized RAN, which is a network architecture that implements the baseband processing as software functions running on virtual machines or containers in a cloud platform. Both Cloud RAN and vRAN aim to improve the performance, efficiency, and flexibility of the radio access network by leveraging cloud technologies. Low latency refers to the minimal delay between the source and the destination of a data transmission, which affects the quality of service and user experience for various applications. Low latency is a critical requirement for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment, as it ensures the timely and reliable delivery of radio signals between the centralized cloud platform and the distributed radio sites. Low latency also enables Cloud RAN/vRAN to support new 5G use cases that demand ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, such as autonomous driving, remote surgery, and industrial automation. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Cloud RAN/vRAN.

Low latency is a mandatory key driver for Cloud RAN/vRAN deployment due to the stringent requirements of real-time communication and processing in radio access networks. Low latency ensures that data transmission and processing occur with minimal delay, which is crucial for supporting high-speed, reliable communication necessary in modern wireless networks, especially with the advent of 5G technologies.

 The best option to complete the sentence is VNF Forwarding Graph. A VNF Forwarding Graph (VNF-FG) is a logical representation of a network service that consists of a set of interconnected Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) and the traffic flows between them1. The VNF-FG is used to orchestrate and manage traffic through VNFs by specifying the order and the requirements of the VNFs that need to be traversed by the traffic2. The VNF-FG also defines the connection points, virtual links, and network forwarding paths that are involved in the service delivery3. References: 1: VNF Forwarding Graph and Network Service-Beginner’s Guide, Introduction 2: A survey of VNF forwarding graph embedding in B5G/6G networks - Springer, Section 1 3: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for VNF Forwarding Graph Embedding, Section I

It is not possible to run a cloud solution in a Single Node. A cloud solution requires a minimum of three nodes to provide high availability, scalability, and fault tolerance1. A Single Node is a standalone server that does not have any redundancy or load balancing features2. A Single Node can be used for testing or development purposes, but not for production or deployment of cloud applications.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 5 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 6

Multitenancy in cloud computing defines a set of cloud resources shared by several customers. Multitenancy is a feature of cloud computing that allows multiple customers, or tenants, to use the same cloud infrastructure and services, such as servers, storage, network, and applications, while maintaining their own data and configuration. Multitenancy enables cloud providers to optimize the utilization and allocation of cloud resources, reduce the cost and complexity of cloud operations, and offer scalable and flexible services to different customers. Multitenancy also benefits customers by providing them with on-demand access to cloud resources, pay-per-use pricing models, and enhanced security and isolation. The other options are not correct definitions of multitenancy in cloud computing. A set of cloud resources isolated from each other is a single-tenant model, where each customer has its own dedicated cloud infrastructure and services. A set of cloud resources located in different data centers is a distributed cloud model, where cloud resources are spread across multiple physical locations to provide low latency, high availability, and local compliance. A set of cloud resources assigned to the same network slice is a network slicing model, where a logical network is created over a sharedphysical network to support specific applications and customers with customized performance, quality, and security. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.2: Cloud Characteristics.

The approximate maximum distance of an Edge Cloud from the end-user is 300KM. Edge Cloud is a type of cloud deployment that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user, reducing latency and improving performance1. Edge Cloud can be located at various distances from the end-user, depending on the use case and the network topology2. However, the general range of distance for Edge Cloud is between 10KM and 300KM3. 10000KM, 5000KM, and 10Q0KM are too far to be considered as Edge Cloud, as they would introduce significant delays and inefficiencies in the network.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 4 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 15 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 16

The ETSI MANO Model operational stack is defined as Orchestration above Network Function Management above Infrastructure Management. The ETSI MANO Model is a framework that defines the architecture and interfaces for the management and orchestration of network functions virtualization (NFV) in cloud networks1. The ETSI MANO Model consists of three main components: Infrastructure Management, Network Function Management, and Orchestration2. Infrastructure Management is responsible for managing the physical and virtual resources that host the network functions, such as servers, storage, switches, hypervisors, andvirtual machines2. Network Function Management is responsible for managing the configuration, monitoring, and optimization of the network functions, such as scaling, healing, and updating2. Orchestration is responsible for coordinating the allocation and release of resources for network services and network slices, such as instantiation, termination, and modification2. The ETSI MANO Model operational stack is defined as Orchestration above Network Function Management above Infrastructure Management, meaning that Orchestration is the highest level of abstraction and control, Network Function Management is the intermediate level, and Infrastructure Management is the lowest level2. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.3: Orchestration 2: Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide - training2

 Physical Network Functions (PNFs) are the traditional network functions that run on dedicated hardware appliances, such as routers, switches, firewalls, etc1. Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) are the network functions that run on virtual machines (VMs) on top of a common hardware platform, such as servers, storage, and network1. Cloud-Native Network Functions (CNFs) are thenetwork functions that run on containers orchestrated by Kubernetes on a cloud infrastructure1. The evolution of Network Functions reflects the trend of moving from hardware-centric to software-centric and cloud-based solutions, which offer more flexibility, scalability, and efficiency12. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 18 2: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Blended Learning, Section 2: Distributed Cloud Networks, slide 11

A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is a template that defines the characteristics and requirements of a network service, such as the number and type of virtual network functions (VNFs), the connectivity and topology between them, the scaling policies, and the service level agreements1. A NSD is defined in a catalog that is managed by the cloud orchestration layer, which is responsible for deploying, monitoring, and controlling the network services across the distributed cloud2. Therefore, cloud orchestration requires a NSD defined in a catalog, while the other options do not. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Topic: Network Service Descriptor Role 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Topic: Cloud Orchestration

A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is an integral part of network function virtualization (NFV) architecture. It describes the composition of network services, including how different network functions are chained or combined to provide a specific service. Cloud orchestration involves the automated management of various cloud computing services and resources, including networking services. It requires a comprehensive description of these services (i.e., NSD) to automate their deployment, scaling, and management effectively. NSD in a catalog would be used to define the parameters and configurations needed for the orchestrated service to be deployed in a cloud environment, making cloud orchestration the most likely context for requiring an NSD.